Abstract
BACKGROUND
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevalence increases with age, yet a small fraction of the population reaches ages > 100 years without cognitive decline. We studied the genetic factors associated with such resilience against AD.
METHODS
Genome-wide association studies identified 86 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AD risk. We estimated SNP frequency in 2281 AD cases, 3165 age-matched controls, and 346 cognitively healthy centenarians. We calculated a polygenic risk score (PRS) for each individual and investigated the functional properties of SNPs enriched/depleted in centenarians.
RESULTS
Cognitively healthy centenarians were enriched with the protective alleles of the SNPs associated with AD risk. The protective effect concentrated on the alleles in/near ANKH, GRN, TMEM106B, SORT1, PLCG2, RIN3, and APOE genes. This translated to >5-fold lower PRS in centenarians compared to AD cases (P = 7.69 × 10−71), and 2-fold lower compared to age-matched controls (P = 5.83 × 10−17).
DISCUSSION
Maintaining cognitive health until extreme ages requires complex genetic protection against AD, which concentrates on the genes associated with the endolysosomal and immune systems.
Highlights
Cognitively healthy cent enarians are enriched with the protective alleles of genetic variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
The protective effect is concentrated on variants involved in the immune and endolysosomal systems.
Combining variants into a polygenic risk score (PRS) translated to > 5-fold lower PRS in centenarians compared to AD cases, and ≈ 2-fold lower compared to middle-aged healthy controls.
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This post is Copyright: Niccolo’ Tesi,
Sven van der Lee,
Marc Hulsman,
Natasja M. van Schoor,
Martijn Huisman,
Yolande Pijnenburg,
Wiesje M. van der Flier,
Marcel Reinders,
Henne Holstege | April 18, 2024